The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.

What CVEs are caused by CWE-77?

2,075 recorded CVEs are attributed to CWE-77, including CVE-2025-10035, CVE-2024-55956, CVE-2005-2773. 31 are listed in CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog.

Is CWE-77 part of the OWASP Top 10?

CWE-77 maps to OWASP Top Ten 2007: Injection Flaws (A2) in the OWASP security taxonomy.

How do you prevent CWE-77?

If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.

How is CWE-77 detected?

Automated Static Analysis: Automated static analysis, commonly referred to as Static Application Security Testing (SAST), can find some instances of this weakness by analyzing source code (or binary/compiled code) without having to execute it. Typically, this is done by building a model of data flow and control flow, then searching for potentially-vulnerable patterns that connect "sources" (origins of input) with "sinks" (destinations where the data interacts with external components, a lower layer such as the OS, etc.)

What are the consequences of CWE-77?

Exploiting CWE-77 can lead to: Execute Unauthorized Code or Commands.

Is CWE-77 actively exploited?

Yes. 31 CWE-77 vulnerabilities are in CISA's KEV catalog of actively exploited flaws, out of 2,075 recorded CVEs.

CWE-77: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')

Code examples

Illustrative examples from MITRE showing how the weakness appears in code.

Consider a "CWE Differentiator" application that uses an an LLM generative AI based "chatbot" to explain the difference between two weaknesses. As input, it accepts two CWE IDs, constructs a prompt string, sends the prompt to the chatbot, and prints the results. The prompt string effectively acts as a command to the chatbot component. Assume that invokeChatbot() calls the chatbot and returns the response as a string; the implementation details are not important here.

Vulnerable example

python

prompt = "Explain the difference between {} and {}".format(arg1, arg2)

Example

plaintext

Explain the difference between CWE-77 and CWE-78

Attack input

plaintext

Arg1 = CWE-77

Resulting query

plaintext

Explain the difference between CWE-77 and CWE-78.

Safe example

python

cweRegex = re.compile("^CWE-\d+$")

Consider the following program. It intends to perform an "ls -l" on an input filename. The validate_name() subroutine performs validation on the input to make sure that only alphanumeric and "-" characters are allowed, which avoids path traversal (CWE-22) and OS command injection (CWE-78) weaknesses. Only filenames like "abc" or "d-e-f" are intended to be allowed.

Vulnerable example

perl

my $arg = GetArgument("filename");

Safe example

perl

if ($name =~ /^\w[\w\-]+$/) ...

However, validate_name() allows filenames that begin with a "-". An adversary could supply a filename like "-aR", producing the "ls -l -aR" command (CWE-88), thereby getting a full recursive listing of the entire directory and all of its sub-directories.

There are a couple possible mitigations for this weakness. One would be to refactor the code to avoid using system() altogether, instead relying on internal functions.

Another option could be to add a "--" argument to the ls command, such as "ls -l --", so that any remaining arguments are treated as filenames, causing any leading "-" to be treated as part of a filename instead of another option.

Another fix might be to change the regular expression used in validate_name to force the first character of the filename to be a letter or number, such as:

The following simple program accepts a filename as a command line argument and displays the contents of the file back to the user. The program is installed setuid root because it is intended for use as a learning tool to allow system administrators in-training to inspect privileged system files without giving them the ability to modify them or damage the system.

Vulnerable example

int main(int argc, char** argv) {

The following code is from an administrative web application designed to allow users to kick off a backup of an Oracle database using a batch-file wrapper around the rman utility and then run a cleanup.bat script to delete some temporary files. The script rmanDB.bat accepts a single command line parameter, which specifies what type of backup to perform. Because access to the database is restricted, the application runs the backup as a privileged user.

The problem here is that the program does not do any validation on the backuptype parameter read from the user. Typically the Runtime.exec() function will not execute multiple commands, but in this case the program first runs the cmd.exe shell in order to run multiple commands with a single call to Runtime.exec(). Once the shell is invoked, it will happily execute multiple commands separated by two ampersands. If an attacker passes a string of the form "& del c:\\dbms\\*.*", then the application will execute this command along with the others specified by the program. Because of the nature of the application, it runs with the privileges necessary to interact with the database, which means whatever command the attacker injects will run with those privileges as well.

CWE-77: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')

Overview

Real-world CVEs

Common consequences

How it happens

When it is introduced

Applies to

How to prevent it

How to detect it

Automated Static Analysis

Code examples

Illustrative examples

Terminology & mappings

Alternate terms

Mapped taxonomies

Attack patterns

Frequently asked questions

References

Stay ahead of CWE-77

Overview

Real-world CVEs

Common consequences

How it happens

When it is introduced

Applies to

How to prevent it

How to detect it

Automated Static Analysis

Code examples

Illustrative examples

Related weaknesses

Parent

Child

Terminology & mappings

Alternate terms

Mapped taxonomies

Attack patterns

Frequently asked questions

References

Stay ahead of CWE-77