The product does not properly handle when a leading character or sequence ("leader") is missing or malformed, or if multiple leaders are used when only one should be allowed.

What CVEs are caused by CWE-148?

2 recorded CVEs are attributed to CWE-148, including CVE-2023-4853, CVE-2026-12862.

What are the consequences of CWE-148?

Exploiting CWE-148 can lead to: Unexpected State.

Is CWE-148 actively exploited?

2 recorded CVEs are caused by CWE-148; none are currently in CISA's KEV catalog of actively exploited flaws.

CWE-148: Improper Neutralization of Input Leaders

How to prevent it

Practical mitigations for CWE-148, grouped by where in the lifecycle they apply.

Developers should anticipate that leading characters will be injected/removed/manipulated in the input vectors of their product. Use an appropriate combination of denylists and allowlists to ensure only valid, expected and appropriate input is processed by the system.

Implementation

Input Validation

Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.

When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."

Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.

Implementation

Output Encoding

While it is risky to use dynamically-generated query strings, code, or commands that mix control and data together, sometimes it may be unavoidable. Properly quote arguments and escape any special characters within those arguments. The most conservative approach is to escape or filter all characters that do not pass an extremely strict allowlist (such as everything that is not alphanumeric or white space). If some special characters are still needed, such as white space, wrap each argument in quotes after the escaping/filtering step. Be careful of argument injection (CWE-88).

Implementation

Input Validation

Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.

CWE-148: Improper Neutralization of Input Leaders

Overview

Real-world CVEs

Common consequences

How it happens

When it is introduced

How to prevent it

Terminology & mappings

Mapped taxonomies

Frequently asked questions

References

Stay ahead of CWE-148

Overview

Real-world CVEs

Common consequences

How it happens

When it is introduced

How to prevent it

Related weaknesses

Parent

Terminology & mappings

Mapped taxonomies

Frequently asked questions

References

Stay ahead of CWE-148